What Was The Events That Justified The United States Entry...

Introduction When World War 1 started in 1914, United States president Woodrow Wilson promised non participation of his country. The conflict appeared typical of the rottenness of old Europe which favored the neutrality position of majority of American citizens. However, a series of implacable events dragged the United States into the war. This paper will discuss these events that justified the United States entry into World War 1 while exploring the roles which public opinion should play when making such decisions in comparison to expert policy makers’ opinions. In addition, other available options that should have been put into consideration will be explored. Despite the neutrality standpoint of the United States, tension began to rise†¦show more content†¦These incidents combined with dwindling diplomatic relations between Germany and the United States increased anti-German preconception in America. Another factor that majorly influenced American public opinion was stories run by British press regarding invasion of neutral Belgium by Germany. Allegations of small towns being eliminated and innocent civilians being killed infuriated and shocked the Americans. Although some of these stories were fabricated to serve as British propaganda, they served their purpose of instigating a strong anti-German sentiment. The protection of its economic interests was also a major factor which influenced the decision for America to participate in World War 1. American businessmen such as J.P. Morgan who were interested in victory of the alliance funded French and British wars. These funds, roughly 3 billion US Dollars were mainly in form of loans and bond purchases. This led to the fear that incase Central Powers (Germany, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire) emerged victorious, the Allies (France, Britain and Italy) would be unable to repay these debts. 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Breaking Family Ties Free Essays

Thai Ngo Barbara Estermann English 96 February 25, 2013 â€Å"Breaking Family Ties† Norman Rockwell’s â€Å"Breaking Family Ties† gives us a look into the change of the post Great Depression and World War II generation. How America itself had changed so much in the passed 25 years from the greatest economic depression to being the greatest country on earth. It also shows the heartbreaking moment of a boy preparing to leave his father and dog and be on his own for the first time. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking Family Ties or any similar topic only for you Order Now The father, tired from a life of hard works, sacrificed everything so that his son can go to college; the young man, representing the post Great Depression and World War II generation, is making a better life than what his father had by getting higher education. In Norman Rockwell’s painting â€Å"Breaking Family Ties†, a boy sits with his father and dog preparing to leave for college. The young man and his father sit on a board of the family farm truck. At the bottom corner of the painting, shows a single rail. Suggesting that they are waiting for a train. On the ground is the son’s suitcase with a â€Å"State U† sticker. Books are stacked on top of the suitcase. The young man has his tie and socks perfectly matched, and is wearing white trouser and matching jacket. Sitting with his hand folded, the young man looked eagerly toward the train track, ready for the next chapter in his life. His father; however, sits slumped with his and his son’s hats in his hand as if he didn’t want the son to leave. The father looked at the opposite direction of the rail; as if he didn’t want to see the train come and take his son away. Although the father and son are looking in opposite direction, the sense of family bond is still strong. The father, probably in his late fifty, has been through the Great Depression and World War II; values his family more. The generation coming out of the Depression and World War II has been through some of the greatest challenges this country had ever faced. They worked hard their whole life, and now all they want is for their children to have a better life than they. Norman Rockwell perfectly describe the generation shift in â€Å"Breaking Family Ties† as the father, old beyond his years, sacrificed everything so that his son can go to college. He does not want to see his son leave, because he is everything to him. Still, he knows that his son must leave to grow up and be independent. The son, treated like royalty by the father, is ready to move on to the next chapter in his life and be away from the protection of his father. The painting gives mix emotion because of the two different emotions of the main characters. Norman Rockwell shows the differences between the two-generation through the father and son. The experience of leaving you’re parents and being on your own is universal to everyone. The universal message in â€Å"Breaking Family Ties† is being independent for the first time. I was seventeen when I left home by myself to go to college. Preparing to leave home, I was like the boy in â€Å"Breaking Family Ties† eager to move on to the next chapter in my life and to be independent. I was only thinking of myself, and not how leaving would affect my parents. My parents were sad to see me leave, but they knew that I was making a better life for myself by going to college. Just like the Father in â€Å"Breaking Family Ties†. Leaving home for me was the beginning of a new chapter in my life. While for my parents, it was seeing me grow up too fast. Norman Rockwell’s perfectly showed the heartbreaking moment and a son leaving to be on his own for the first time. He also reminded America of how much our country had changed with the two generations. Like all of Norman Rockwell’s works, everything in â€Å"Breaking Family Ties† has a meaning behind it. Which is I can relate to it even if it was painted years before I was born. Norman Rockwell is one of America greatest artist because of the universal meanings behind his works. How to cite Breaking Family Ties, Essays

Juuvenile Justice and Child Protection for Police Interrogation

Question: Discuss about theJuuvenile Justice and Child Protection for Police Interrogation. Answer: Role of responsible adult during police interrogation: The term responsible adult denotes parents, stepparent, guardian or any person who has accrued the rights and responsibilities of the parent with an intention to guide the minor. Therefore, the term can be used in case of a person who can act as the guardian of any minor. The term can be used in case of criminal proceeding also. When the police officer has interrogated a minor, it is the duty of the responsible adult to be physically present during the interrogation period. The Evidence Act 1995 has regulated any criminal process (NSW). However, in case of interrogating a child is sensible and Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) regulates the process (McFarlane, 2017). This legislation helps a child to get certain assistance from the police officer and from the legal practitioners. Responsible adults are playing important role in case where the police are interrogating a child. It is their duty to look over the matters whether the police officers are creating any pressure o n the child for making forceful confession or not. According to Ludbrook (2017), often the children are making untrue confession before the police. Further, it is their duty to observe whether the police officer has provided the option for right to silence to the minor or not. However, the Act has not given any clear definition regarding the role of the responsible parent in this case. According to section 13 of the Act, the statement made by a child before the police is not admissible except the same has been taken in the presence of the responsible adult. The court will not admit the statement of the minor made before the police if the police officer has made any coercion or undue influence (Bartels, Bolitho Richards, 2015). This principle has laid down under section 81C of Child Welfare Act 1939 and the ground of the same has been verified in the case of R v Warren (1982) 2 NSWLR 360. It has also been mentioned by the court to look over the matter that the confession regarding a ny offence made by the minor before the police officer could not be admitted if the same has been made on unreasonable ground. Therefore, it is the duty of the responsible adult to look into the matter whether the police officer is treating the child in wrong manner or not. The basic aim of Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) that to protect the interest of child so that they can feel them secure during the process of interrogation. In R v Cotton (1990) 19 NSWLR 593, the court has interpreted section 13 of the Act as a process that secure the accused who is minor. Therefore, the responsible parent should have to represent him proactively. The position of the responsible parents is significant, as the police officers are not allowed to interrogate a minor in the absence of them. it has been particularly mentioned under section 13 of Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) that all the interrogation process should be done in the presence of responsible parent and he ha s to look over the whole process of interrogation. Court will rely on the admissibility of the minor only when the same has been taken in the presence of the responsible parent. If the police officer has done any misconduct during the process, the responsible parent is required to stop the officer from being rude (Ainsworth Hansen, 2017). Concept of due process: Fair treatment is necessary for maintain fairness in the judicial system and the process of fair treatment is known as the due process. There are two types of due process such as procedural due process and substantive due process. When a legal proceeding has been carry out on regular basis and without any intervention, the same is treated as procedural due process. When a law has been enacted with fair process and the individuals are getting equal opportunities from the same, the process is known as substantive due process (Kenny, 2016). In this case, it has been observed that Millie, the police have arrested an aboriginal girl and the person is appointed as the responsible parent on her behalf. According to section 13 of the Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW), no police personnel is allowed to interrogate a minor in the absence of his or her responsible parent. The main aim of this Act regarding the same is that the minors are often feeling them insecure in the interrogat ion room or before the police. This Act secures the rights and interest of the minor to this effect. Further, a clear interpretation of section 13 of the Act reveals that the role of the responsible parent is significant in nature. The interrogation process will be treated to be maintained due process if police have fulfilled the entire obligation regarding the section. It has been mentioned that the court, before admit the statement made by the minor before the police, will consider certain grounds, which are as follows: It is to be consider whether the child get equal treatment from the police or not; It is to be consider whether the child get all required guidance or not; It is to be considered whether the child get all the options of various legal aid or not; It is to be considering whether the child has been interrogated in the presence of his responsible parents or not. The police personnel and the responsible parents are playing important role in this case. It is not clear that whether the responsible parent will remain silent in the interrogation room or he should perform his duties proactively. However, the court is depending on the statement of the responsible parent in case of determining the admissibility of the statement made by the minor. If a minor does not want to state anything before the police, the responsible parent should not force the minor and act on behalf of him. In this case, it has been observed that the police personnel have appointed the person as the responsible parent of Millie. When during the interrogation Millie did not confess regarding the crime, under which she was charged thereto, the police had not acted in reasonable way. He forced her to confess the facts of the case. the police has slapped on the table too. All these activities are revealing the fact that injustice had been done with Millie and it can be stated that the same has not been made in due process. Identification of the steps to ensure due process: Child or minors are treated as the vulnerable person and special opportunities have been provided to them. Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) tends to protect the interest of the children during the interrogation process and certain acts and duties have been mentioned in this Act for all the persons dealt with the child or minor. The duties of the responsible parents regarding the interrogation of the child are vital and the court is admitted the statement made by the minor before the police (McGrath, 2016). It is to be mentioned that the responsible parents should have to maintain the fair deal at the time of interrogation process. However, the responsible parent should have to identify the steps to assure that the interrogation has been done with due process. In this case, the responsible parent should have to maintain all the grounds mentioned under the code and look over the matter whether the police has cooperate with the child and provides all the necessary opportuni ties to him. According to the rule, no police is allowed to talk with the minor roughly and the police should have to act in reasonable way with the minor. The police is obliged to provide all the necessary assistance to the minor and they should act with the minor in a discriminatory way. The international acts and treaties have provided certain rights to the minor and all those rights can be enjoyed irrespective of caste, creed or religion. These rights are the fundamental rights of the child. Therefore, if any adverse situation has been cropped up and the responsible parent has observed that the police officers are acting rudely with Millie. It can be assumed that the reason behind such attitude is that Millie is from the aboriginal origin. According to the Act, the police should act with the intention to secure the rights of the child (Ludbrook, 2017). However, such attitude has violated the principles of Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW). If the responsible parents to this effect have identified any such things, he should have asked the police to stop the interrogation process. Further, the police officer could not in any case forced the responsible parent to make the child understand about the facts of the case or to make the minor confess the guilt. Further, if the police officer forced Millie to confess the crime, responsible parent is obliged to oppose this matter proactively. It has been observed that Millie was remained silent in the interrogation room and it is her right to do so. Therefore, no police personnel are allowed to force Millie regarding the same. The responsible person will allow the police to continue the interrogation process only if the police have maintained all the rules mentioned under Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW). Legislative option available to police: Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW) is the main regulatory Act that works for the interest of the children. Children are vulnerable in nature and they feel lonely and nervous before the police authority. It is the duty of the police officers to provide all the legal assistance to the child and act for the benefit of the child so that he or she could not feel uncomfortable during the interrogation period. The police officers are obliged to maintain all the provisions mentioned under section 13 of the Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW). The police officers will interrogate the child or the minor in the presence of the responsible parent. They could not force the child to confess any particular fact (Talbot, 2017). The minor should choose the responsible parent and police should have no rights over the same. The police will provide all the fundamental rights to the minor. In case the minor wants to remain silent, it is the duty of the police officers to cooperate wi th the child and they must not force or use coercive way in order to collect statement from the child. Blagg and Wilkie opine that the police can use other way to make the minor confess about a fact. Dealing with the minors is very sensible issue and therefore, police personnel should have to be cautious in this case (Dowse et al., 2016). It has been observed in the case of R v Cotton that it is the duty of the police officer to take necessary care to secure the minor from the self-incrimination. Certain observation has been made regarding the role of responsible parent in the case of R v Warren [1982] 2 NSWLR 360. It has been held that the minor becomes nervous while dealing with the police and therefore, the interrogation process should be done in the presence of any responsible parent. According to CJ Hunt, sufficient assistance should be given to the child and the same principle has been established in the case of R v Huynh [2001] NSWSC 115. According to Part 10A of Crimes Act, the police officer has the duty to act in practicable way and the child should not face any discrimination at the interrogation room. According to section 138 of the Evidence Act, no statement could be held as acceptable if the same has been obtained in an inappropriate manner. It has been mentioned under Part 10A of the Crimes Act that during the interrogation period, no police officer can state a minor that he is under arrest (Surette, 2015). This goes against the policies of the Crimes Act and in this case, the police officer is obliged to maintain all the necessary duties for protecting the minor from self-incrimination. This principle has been established in B. R v ME and LT Unreported, Supreme Court, 3 October 2002. However, in the case of Millie none of the provisions has been followed. The police officers had appointed a responsible guardian and had conducted the interrogation process before him. However, none of the officials has maintained the provisions mentioned in the Act (Graver, 2016). It has been noticed in the case that Millie wanted to remain silent, but in spite of providing her assistance, the police officers were forced her to confess the statement. Therefore, it can be said that in this case the police has failed to maintain their duties and obligation under the Act. Ethical issues: Interrogate a minor is a sensible issue and the minors are required to be treated specially. According to Children (Criminal Proceeding) Act 1987 (NSW), when a child or minor is interrogated by the police, this should be done in front of the responsible parent. The role of the responsible parent is very crucial and certain ethical issues are bringing into his notice during the interrogation process (Heydon Naylor, 2017). Ethical issue denotes the situation where an individual is required to select an alternative between the right thing and the wrong thing. In the present situation, it has been observed that the police had failed to comply with the process that has been mentioned under certain legislations. Therefore, certain ethical issues have been cropped up in this case. The responsible person should choose the right things and should act on behalf of the minor. Therefore, if the police act in unreasonable way to the minor, he should have to protest it. He has the power to stop t he interrogation process in case of any adverse situation. He can oppose to the situation before the court also. He has to maintain all his duties as he holds an important place. the aim of the Act could not be reached until the responsible parent does his own duty. He could not make any kind of force to the minor and should have to stop the police if they are perform their duties in coercive way. It is the moral duties of the responsible parent to act in good faith and he should have to choose the right path at all the possible time and even in case of dealing with the minor. Reference: Ainsworth, F., Hansen, P. (2017). A Study of the use of Section 106a of the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 in the New SouthWales Children's Court.Children Australia,42(3), 198-204. R v ME and LT Unreported, Supreme Court, 3 October 2002 Bartels, L., Bolitho, J., Richards, K. (2015). Indigenous young people and the NSW children's court: Magistrates' perceptions of the court's criminal jurisdiction.AILR,19, 34. Dowse, L., Soldatic, K., Spangaro, J., Toorn, G. (2016). Mind the gap: the extent of violence against women with disabilities in Australia.Australian Journal of Social Issues,51(3), 341-359. Graver, H. P. (2016). Judging without Impunity: On the Criminal Responsibility of Authoritarian Judges.Bergen Journal of Criminal Law Criminal Justice,4(1), 125-149. Heydon, G., Naylor, B. (2017). Criminal record checking and employment: The importance of policy and proximity.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 0004865817723410. Kenny, D. T. (2016). The adolescent brain: implications for understanding young offenders.Judicial Officers Bulletin,28(3), 23. King, K., Wallis, R., Wallis, A., Peucker, A., Williams, D. (2015). Successful protection against canid predation on little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in Australia using Maremma guardian dogs:the Warrambool method..International Journal of Arts Sciences,8, 139-150. Ludbrook, S. (2017). The Influence of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer on the Bersier Liturgyand French Protestant Worship.Revue Franaise de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies,22(XXII-1). McFarlane, K. (2017). Care-criminalisation: The involvement of children in out-of-home care in the New South Wales criminal justice system.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 0004865817723954. McGrath, A. (2016). Intersections of Indigenous status, sex and age in sentencing decisions in the New South Wales Childrens Court.Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology,49(1), 90-112. R v Cotton (1990) 19 NSWLR 593 R v Huynh [2001] NSWSC 115 R v Warren [1982] 2 NSWLR 360 Surette, R. (2015). Performance crime and justice.Current Issues Crim. Just.,27, 195. Talbot, A. (2017). The use of secret evidence in civil and criminal proceedings.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (142), 30.

Life After Death Essays - Ontology, Philosophy Of Mind, Monism

Life After Death An undeniable statement by all, philosophers or not, is that our earthly life will one day cease to exist and every living individual will one day meet their death. A simple definition of death would be the complete annihilation of one self, where the life or awakeness one would feel in their brief life would be no more. Basically, the opposite to life. However, even the definition of death may be open to argument by many. Some may believe that death is not the end of life or not the opposite of life. Some may believe that we do live on through the passing on of our genes or through stories being told about you after the process of death. Some may believe that we are reincarnated after our soul leaves the body. Some may believe that the soul is an eternal entity and never stops living. All of these are however open to argument. There is not even factual proof that a soul even exists so how would it be possible for such an entity to hold so much value in this argument. The three main theories that will be discussed in this essay will stem from the Materialism perspective, the Idealism perspective and the Dualism perspective. The materialists' beliefs are opposed to the idea that there is a life after death and the other theories support the idea of a life after death. I shall also discuss in this essay the possibilities of reincarnation and if it possible to have more than one life. Some religions will also be briefly looked at in this regard. Another commodity that will be looked at will be evidence to support the idea of life after death and the value of this evidence. I shall then conclude by summing up the theories and discussing the theory closest to my opinion in relation to this subject. First-century Sadducees claimed that man is wholly material, having no spirit, so at death he simply ceases to exist. Modern materialists and Humanists likewise say we evolved by natural forces from animals, so like the animals, we simply cease to exist at death. Materialists believe that a human is nothing more than a living physical creature and once gone is gone. Every action is a result of a chain of events and that over time science has found more and more answers and eventually, science will also be able to answer the controversy surrounding life after death. Just as there is no more to a dress sewn from a few yards of cotton, there is no more to a person than a brain attached to a body with a nervous system. Gilbert Ryle argues that the soul should not be considered as something that is separate to the mind or body. Any talk of a soul was talk about the way in which a person acted and integrated with others and the world. It was not something that was separate or distinct. When one says that ?he bought me a left shoe and a right shoe' he would not say ?he bought me a left shoe, a right shoe and a pair of shoes'. This is what Ryle would call the dogma of the ghost in the machine. He said: ?When two terms belong to the same category, it is proper to construct conjunctive propositions embodying them? Hard materialists have solid beliefs that there a living creature is just like a chemical. If there is nothing that can be seen, it does not exist. The consciousness of a man in nothing more than just mere brain activity and once the body dies, so does the brain. However, opposed to this there are soft materialists. Soft materialists although believe in the mainstream argument that materialists believe, they are less harsh in thinking that all characteristics are not physical ones. Consciousness is more than just a brain process although the mind and body are related and do not act independently of each other. The common factor between hard materialists and soft materialists is that when the body dies, so does the mind. In short, as the soul cannot be seen or scientifically proven, materialists do not believe in the existence of it. As the body

Life After Death Essays - Ontology, Philosophy Of Mind, Monism

Life After Death An undeniable statement by all, philosophers or not, is that our earthly life will one day cease to exist and every living individual will one day meet their death. A simple definition of death would be the complete annihilation of one self, where the life or awakeness one would feel in their brief life would be no more. Basically, the opposite to life. However, even the definition of death may be open to argument by many. Some may believe that death is not the end of life or not the opposite of life. Some may believe that we do live on through the passing on of our genes or through stories being told about you after the process of death. Some may believe that we are reincarnated after our soul leaves the body. Some may believe that the soul is an eternal entity and never stops living. All of these are however open to argument. There is not even factual proof that a soul even exists so how would it be possible for such an entity to hold so much value in this argument. The three main theories that will be discussed in this essay will stem from the Materialism perspective, the Idealism perspective and the Dualism perspective. The materialists' beliefs are opposed to the idea that there is a life after death and the other theories support the idea of a life after death. I shall also discuss in this essay the possibilities of reincarnation and if it possible to have more than one life. Some religions will also be briefly looked at in this regard. Another commodity that will be looked at will be evidence to support the idea of life after death and the value of this evidence. I shall then conclude by summing up the theories and discussing the theory closest to my opinion in relation to this subject. First-century Sadducees claimed that man is wholly material, having no spirit, so at death he simply ceases to exist. Modern materialists and Humanists likewise say we evolved by natural forces from animals, so like the animals, we simply cease to exist at death. Materialists believe that a human is nothing more than a living physical creature and once gone is gone. Every action is a result of a chain of events and that over time science has found more and more answers and eventually, science will also be able to answer the controversy surrounding life after death. Just as there is no more to a dress sewn from a few yards of cotton, there is no more to a person than a brain attached to a body with a nervous system. Gilbert Ryle argues that the soul should not be considered as something that is separate to the mind or body. Any talk of a soul was talk about the way in which a person acted and integrated with others and the world. It was not something that was separate or distinct. When one says that ?he bought me a left shoe and a right shoe' he would not say ?he bought me a left shoe, a right shoe and a pair of shoes'. This is what Ryle would call the dogma of the ghost in the machine. He said: ?When two terms belong to the same category, it is proper to construct conjunctive propositions embodying them? Hard materialists have solid beliefs that there a living creature is just like a chemical. If there is nothing that can be seen, it does not exist. The consciousness of a man in nothing more than just mere brain activity and once the body dies, so does the brain. However, opposed to this there are soft materialists. Soft materialists although believe in the mainstream argument that materialists believe, they are less harsh in thinking that all characteristics are not physical ones. Consciousness is more than just a brain process although the mind and body are related and do not act independently of each other. The common factor between hard materialists and soft materialists is that when the body dies, so does the mind. In short, as the soul cannot be seen or scientifically proven, materialists do not believe in the existence of it. As the body

Free Essays on Defence;ess Prairies

The conception of the era known as the â€Å"Dirty Thirties† was a time of harsh poverty and despair within Canada. One of the areas most affected during this period was the Canadian prairie. Armed with three major impediments in particular, the 1930’s caused severe devastation and depression to the farming communities within Canada. The crash of the stock markets, insect plagues and Mother Nature were all bitter enemies to the prairie farmers during this timeframe. Despite being recognized as one of the major producers of grain in the world, the prairie’s eventually adhered to their vulnerability and the threat of depression became a reality. It is unknown exactly when the depression in Canada began, but many associate its inauguration with October 29, 1929. That day, also known as â€Å"Black Tuesday† , was the day the stock markets in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver and the grain trade in Winnipeg came to a crashing end. The failed markets not only hampered Canadians but they also took their toll on the rest of the world. In addition to the Canadian â€Å"Black Tuesday† another infamous day in history known as â€Å"Black Thursday† was the day the American markets began their downward spiral. This crash was devastating to Canadian farmers as the United States government began implementing tariffs to protect their own farmers and industries. Those tariffs were imposed to prevent import sales of wheat and other grains from neighboring countries. Thus leaving Canadian farmers stranded with an increasing surplus of grains and other crops. Another major reason resulting in the decline of Americans buying the Canadian wheat was a crucial error in their expectation of crop prices. The Americans believed that the prices would continue to rise so in turn they began producing mass quantities of grain. Eventually, the market bottomed out and sales collapsed leaving the American farming industry with an intense surplus of wheat. This was ... Free Essays on Defence;ess Prairies Free Essays on Defence;ess Prairies The conception of the era known as the â€Å"Dirty Thirties† was a time of harsh poverty and despair within Canada. One of the areas most affected during this period was the Canadian prairie. Armed with three major impediments in particular, the 1930’s caused severe devastation and depression to the farming communities within Canada. The crash of the stock markets, insect plagues and Mother Nature were all bitter enemies to the prairie farmers during this timeframe. Despite being recognized as one of the major producers of grain in the world, the prairie’s eventually adhered to their vulnerability and the threat of depression became a reality. It is unknown exactly when the depression in Canada began, but many associate its inauguration with October 29, 1929. That day, also known as â€Å"Black Tuesday† , was the day the stock markets in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver and the grain trade in Winnipeg came to a crashing end. The failed markets not only hampered Canadians but they also took their toll on the rest of the world. In addition to the Canadian â€Å"Black Tuesday† another infamous day in history known as â€Å"Black Thursday† was the day the American markets began their downward spiral. This crash was devastating to Canadian farmers as the United States government began implementing tariffs to protect their own farmers and industries. Those tariffs were imposed to prevent import sales of wheat and other grains from neighboring countries. Thus leaving Canadian farmers stranded with an increasing surplus of grains and other crops. Another major reason resulting in the decline of Americans buying the Canadian wheat was a crucial error in their expectation of crop prices. The Americans believed that the prices would continue to rise so in turn they began producing mass quantities of grain. Eventually, the market bottomed out and sales collapsed leaving the American farming industry with an intense surplus of wheat. This was ...

The Sociology of Social Inequality

The Sociology of Social Inequality Social inequality results from a society organized by hierarchies of class, race, and gender that broker access to resources and rights in ways that make their distribution unequal. It can manifest in a variety of ways, like income and wealth inequality, unequal access to education and cultural resources, and differential treatment by the police and judicial system, among others. Social inequality goes hand in hand with social stratification. Overview Social inequality is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. It contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments. Racism, for example, is understood to be a phenomenon whereby access to rights and resources is unfairly distributed across racial lines. In the context of the U.S., people of color typically experience racism, which benefits white people by conferring on them white privilege, which allows them greater access to rights and resources than other Americans. There are two main ways to measure social inequality: inequality of conditions, and inequality of opportunities. Inequality of conditions refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, and material goods. Housing, for example, is inequality of conditions with the homeless and those living in housing projects sitting at the bottom of the hierarchy while those living in multi-million dollar mansions sit at the top. Another example is at the level of whole communities, where some are poor, unstable, and plagued by violence, while others are invested in by business and government so that they thrive and provide safe, secure, and happy conditions for their inhabitants. Inequality of opportunities refers to the unequal distribution of life chances across individuals. This is reflected in measures such as level of education, health status, and treatment by the criminal justice system. For example, studies have shown that college and university professors are more likely to ignore emails from women and people of color than they are to ignore those from white men, which privileges the educational outcomes of white men by channeling a biased amount of mentoring and educational resources to them. Discrimination of an individual, community, and institutional levels is a major part of the process of reproducing social inequalities of race, class, gender, and sexuality. For example, women are systematically paid less than men for doing the same work, and sociologists have conclusively demonstrated that racism is built into the very foundation of our society, and is present in all of our social institutions. Two Main Theories of Social Inequality There are two main views of social inequality within sociology. One view aligns with the functionalist theory, and the other aligns with conflict theory. Functionalist theorists believe that inequality is inevitable and desirable and plays an important function in society. Important positions in society require more training and thus should receive more rewards. Social inequality and social stratification, according to this view, lead to a meritocracy based on ability.Conflict theorists, on the other hand, view inequality as resulting from groups with power dominating less powerful groups. They believe that social inequality prevents and hinders societal progress as those in power repress the powerless people to maintain the status quo. In todays world, this work of domination is achieved primarily through the power of ideology, our thoughts, values, beliefs, worldviews, norms, and expectations, through a process known as cultural hegemony. How Sociologists Study Social Inequality Sociologically, we can study social inequality as a social problem that encompasses three dimensions: structural conditions, ideological supports, and social reforms. Structural conditions include things that can be objectively measured and that contribute to social inequality. Sociologists study how things like educational attainment, wealth, poverty, occupations, and power lead to social inequality between individuals and groups of people. Ideological supports include ideas and assumptions that support the social inequality present in a society. Sociologists examine how things such as formals laws, public policies, and dominant values  both lead to social inequality, and help sustain it. For example, consider this discussion of the role that words and the ideas attached to them play in this process. Social reforms are things such as organized resistance, protest groups, and social movements. Sociologists study how these social reforms help shape or change social inequality that exists in a society, as well as their origins,  impact, and long-term effects. Today, social media plays a large role in social reform campaigns and was harnessed in 2014 by British actress Emma Watson, on behalf of the UN, to launch a campaign for gender equality called #HeForShe.